NASA’s Europa Clipper spacecraft and SpaceX’s Falcon Heavy rocket stands at Launch Pad 39A on Monday, Oct. 14, 2024, at the agency’s Kennedy Space Center in Florida ahead of launch to Jupiter’s icy moon, Europa. Photo credit: NASA+
SpaceX confirms that fueling for the second stage of the Falcon Heavy rocket carrying the Europa Clipper spacecraft is underway at NASA’s Kennedy Space Center in Florida.
Comprising three Falcon 9 nine-engine cores, the 27 Merlin engines of the Falcon Heavy combine to generate more than 5 million pounds of thrust at liftoff, equal to approximately 18,747 aircraft.
Merlin engines — originally designed for recovery and reuse — use RP-1 and liquid oxygen as rocket propellants in a gas-generator power cycle.
Falcon Heavy utilizes the same second stage and same payload fairings as flown on Falcon 9.
In about 10 minutes, engine chill will begin on the rocket in preparation for launch, followed by the rocket and spacecraft transitioning to internal power. This will be NASA’s Launch Services Program tenth mission using a SpaceX rocket.
In the leadup to launch, technicians encapsulated NASA’s Europa Clipper spacecraft inside SpaceX’s Falcon Heavy payload fairing in the Payload Hazardous Servicing Facility at NASA’s Kennedy Space Center in Florida. Photo credit: SpaceX
As NASA’s largest planetary spacecraft heads to the solar system’s largest planet to study one of its moons, let’s take a closer look inside the numbers of NASA’s Europa Clipper mission.
9 — The spacecraft carries nine science instruments and a gravity experiment that uses the telecommunications system. All the science instruments will operate simultaneously on every flyby, and scientists will then layer the data together to paint a full picture of Europa.
24 — The Europa Clipper spacecraft has 24 engines.
90 — Europa’s diameter is about 90% that of Earth’s Moon, with an equatorial diameter of 1,940 miles (3,122 kilometers).
100 — The spacecraft extends 100 feet (30.5 meters) from one end to the other and about 58 feet (17.6 meters) across. That’s about the size of a basketball court, thanks in large part to the solar arrays, which need to be huge so they can collect enough sunlight while near Jupiter to power the instruments, electronics, and other subsystems.
105 — Europa Clipper is NASA’s Launch Services Program 105th end-to-end mission.
1610 — Galileo Galilei found Europa, along with Jovian moons Ganymede, Callisto, and Io, with his homemade telescope in January 1610.
2030 — Mission planners are sending Europa Clipper past Mars and then Earth, using the planets’ gravity as a slingshot to add speed to the spacecraft’s trek. After journeying about 1.8 billion miles (2.9 billion kilometers) over 5 1/2 years, the spacecraft will fire its engines to enter orbit around Jupiter in 2030.
4,000 — Since the mission was officially approved in 2015, more than 4,000 people have contributed to Europa Clipper, including teams who work for contractors and subcontractors. Currently, about a thousand people work on the mission, including more than 220 scientists from both the U.S. and Europe.
13,000 — At the time of launch, Europa Clipper will weigh approximately 13,000 pounds (6,000 kilograms) with nearly 6,000 pounds (2,750 kilograms) of propellant.
20,000 — Jupiter is surrounded by a gigantic magnetic field 20,000 times stronger than Earth’s. As the field spins, it captures and accelerates charged particles, creating radiation that can damage spacecraft. Mission engineers designed a spacecraft vault to shield sensitive electronics from radiation, and they plotted orbits that will limit the time Europa Clipper spends in most radiation-heavy areas around Jupiter.
2,600,000 — As part of a mission campaign called “Message in a Bottle,” the spacecraft is carrying a poem by U.S. Poet Laureate Ada Limón, cosigned by millions of people from nearly every country in the world. Their names have been stenciled onto a microchip attached to a tantalum metal plate that seals the spacecraft’s electronics vault. Along with the poem and microchip, the plate features waveforms of people saying the word “water” in over 100 spoken languages.
1,800,000,000 — NASA’s Europa Clipper spacecraft will travel 1.8 billion miles (2.9 billion kilometers) from the agency’s Kennedy Space Center in Florida to Europa.
Managed by Caltech in Pasadena, California, NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory leads the development of the Europa Clipper mission in partnership with the Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Laboratory in Laurel, Maryland, for NASA’s Science Mission Directorate in Washington. The main spacecraft body was designed by APL in collaboration with NASA JPL and NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland, NASA’s Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, Alabama, and NASA’s Langley Research Center in Hampton, Virginia. The Planetary Missions Program Office at Marshall executes program management of the Europa Clipper mission.
NASA’s Launch Services Program, based at Kennedy Space Center in Florida, manages the launch service for the Europa Clipper spacecraft, which will launch on a SpaceX Falcon Heavy rocket from Launch Complex 39A at NASA Kennedy in Florida in just under 40 minutes.
NASA’s Europa Clipper spacecraft and SpaceX’s Falcon Heavy rocket stands at Launch Pad 39A on Sunday, Oct. 13, 2024, at the agency’s Kennedy Space Center in Florida ahead of launch to Jupiter’s icy moon, Europa. Photo credit: SpaceX
Moments ago, mission teams polled “go” to begin fueling the SpaceX Falcon Heavy rocket.
The Falcon Heavy is a two-stage rocket with a central core and two side boosters that uses RP-1 (a refined kerosene) and liquid oxygen (LOX) to fuel its 27 Merlin engines, which combine to generate 5 million pounds of thrust. Loading of the RP-1 and LOX is now underway.
These two side boosters previously launched one year ago on NASA’s mission to explore the Psyche asteroid, Friday, Oct. 13, 2023. Europa Clipper will be the third Falcon Heavy mission for NASA’s Launch Services Program.
NASA’s Europa Clipper spacecraft and SpaceX’s Falcon Heavy rocket stands at Launch Pad 39A on Sunday, Oct. 13, 2024, at the agency’s Kennedy Space Center in Florida ahead of launch to Jupiter’s icy moon, Europa. The spacecraft will complete nearly 50 flybys of Europa to determine if there are conditions suitable for life beyond Earth. Photo credit: SpaceX
NASA just ramped up its coverage of today’s Europa Clipper launch, as the live broadcast with commentary has now begun, and you can watch coverage on NASA+. Learn how to watch NASA content through a variety of platforms, including social media. Watch NASA launch coverage in Spanish on NASA+ and NASA’s Spanish YouTube channel.
The three main science objectives of NASA’s Europa Clipper mission to Jupiter’s moon Europa are to determine the thickness of the moon’s icy shell and its interactions with the ocean below, to investigate its composition, and to characterize its geology. The mission’s detailed exploration of Europa will help scientists better understand the astrobiological potential for habitable worlds beyond our planet. Astrobiology is the study of the origin, evolution, and distribution of life in the universe. This multidisciplinary field investigates the extremes of life on Earth to inform its search for life in the universe. It encompasses characterizing habitable environments in preparation to search for life.
NASA’s Europa Clipper spacecraft will perform nearly 50 close flybys of Jupiter’s moon Europa, gathering detailed measurements to investigate the moon. The spacecraft, in orbit around Jupiter, will make approach altitudes as low as 16 miles (25 kilometers) above the surface, soaring over a different location during each flyby to scan nearly the entire moon.
You can also follow along on the launch blog, which originates from the NASA News Center here at Kennedy Space Center in Florida, a few miles from Launch Complex 39A in Florida. There’s more to come, so stay with us.
Join the conversation, follow the launch, and get Europa Clipper mission updates from these accounts:
This artist’s concept depicts NASA’s Europa Clipper spacecraft in orbit around Jupiter. Image credit: NASA
The nine science instruments on NASA’s Europa Clipper spacecraft are the most advanced and sensitive that have ever been sent the outer solar system:
Europa Imaging System (EIS) is a wide-angle camera and a narrow-angle camera, each with an eight-megapixel sensor, that will produce high-resolution color and stereoscopic images of Europa. They will study geologic activity, measure surface elevations, and provide context for other instruments.
Europa Thermal Emission Imaging System (E-THEMIS) is a thermal imager that uses infrared light to distinguish warmer regions on Europa where liquid water may be near the surface or might have erupted onto the surface. It will also measure surface texture to understand the small-scale properties of the surface.
Europa Ultraviolet Spectrograph (Europa-UVS) will help determine the composition of Europa’s atmospheric gases and surface materials by collecting spectra and images with an ultraviolet telescope. It will also search near Europa for signs of plume activity.
Mapping Imaging Spectrometer for Europa (MISE) is the mission’s infrared spectrometer that will map the composition and distribution of ices, salts, organics, and the warmest hotspots on Europa. The maps will help scientists understand the moon’s geologic history and determine if Europa’s suspected ocean is suitable for life.
Europa Clipper Magnetometer (ECM) will study Europa’s magnetic field and aims to confirm that Europa’s ocean exists, measure its depth and salinity, and measure the moon’s ice-shell thickness. It will also study Europa’s ionized atmosphere and how it interacts with Jupiter and its magnetic field.
Plasma Instrument for Magnetic Sounding (PIMS) will separate distortions due to charged particles from Europa’s induced magnetic field, which carries information about Europa’s ocean. Europa’s ionosphere and plasma trapped in Jupiter’s magnetic field distort magnetic fields near Europa.
Radar for Europa Assessment and Sounding: Ocean to Near-surface (REASON) is an ice-penetrating radar that will probe Europa’s icy shell for reflections from the moon’s suspected ocean and study the ice’s structure and thickness. It will also study the moon’s surface topography, composition, and roughness.
Mass Spectrometer for Planetary Exploration/Europa (MASPEX) will analyze gases — both in Europa’s faint atmosphere and in possible plumes. It will study the chemistry of the moon’s suspected subsurface ocean, how ocean and surface exchange material, and how radiation alters compounds on the moon’s surface.
Surface Dust Analyzer (SUDA) will identify the chemistry of material emitted from Europa’s surface by tiny meteorite impacts. A subsurface ocean or reservoirs might also vent material into space as plumes and offer clues to Europa’s ocean salinity.
Gravity/Radio Science equipment will measure how Europa’s shape and its gravity field change as the moon’s non-circular orbit carries it closer, then farther, from Jupiter. These measurements at various points in the moon’s orbit will show how Europa flexes and help reveal its internal structure.
Some of the instrument sensors are installed on the nadir deck, which enables simultaneous observations of Europa’s surface during flybys, while the two instruments designed to capture gas and dust face in the direction of spacecraft motion. Radar antennas are mounted directly onto the spacecraft’s solar arrays. The spacecraft’s magnetometer is on a boom that extends from the spacecraft, reducing obstructions and magnetic interference from the spacecraft. PIMS has four detectors, two placed on the upper part of the spacecraft and two on the lower part. The instruments’ electronics are installed in a vault to protect them from radiation.
This artist’s concept depicts NASA’s Europa Clipper spacecraft silhouetted against Jupiter as it passes over the gas giant’s icy moon Europa (bottom center). Scheduled to orbit Jupiter beginning in April 2030, the mission will be the first to specifically target Europa for detailed science investigation. Image credit: NASA
NASA’s Europa Clipper spacecraft is the largest the agency has ever built for a planetary mission. Data from previous NASA missions has provided scientists with strong evidence that an enormous salty ocean lies underneath the frozen surface of Europa. Europa Clipper will orbit Jupiter and make nearly 50 flybys of Europa to determine the thickness of the Europa’s icy shell and its interactions with the ocean below, to investigate its composition, and to characterize the moon’s geology to help scientists better understand the potential for habitable worlds beyond our planet.
Europa Clipper Spacecraft Facts
With its solar arrays, or “wings,” deployed, Europa Clipper spans more than 100 feet (about 30 meters) — about the length of a basketball court. The huge arrays are needed to collect sunlight to power the spacecraft while it operates at Jupiter, which is more than five times as far from the Sun as Earth is.
The spacecraft has 24 rocket engines.
The spacecraft has nine dedicated science instruments, plus a gravity and radio science investigation.
At launch, Europa Clipper will weigh approximately 13,000 pounds (6,000 kilograms).
During processing, teams loaded 6,067 pounds (2,752 kilograms) of propellant into the spacecraft.
Europa Clipper’s propulsion module is an aluminum cylinder 10 feet (3 meters) long and 5 feet wide. It holds the spacecraft’s 24 engines, fuel tanks, as well as the spacecraft’s helium pressurant tanks.
Europa Clipper’s electronics are enclosed in a vault with walls made of 1/3-inch-thick (9.2-mm) sheets of aluminum-zinc alloy to protect the electronics from Jupiter’s intense radiation. These electronics include computers (or the “brains” of the spacecraft), flight software, and more.
The vault plate, made of tantalum metal about 1 millimeter thick and about 7 by 11 inches (18 by 28 centimeters), is part of the structure that will protect Europa Clipper’s electronics from Jupiter’s harmful radiation. It is engraved with poetry, artwork, and other messages that pay tribute to the connection between Europa’s ocean world and our own. It also carries a dime-size microchip stenciled with more than 2.6 million names submitted by the public.
Europa Clipper’s 10-foot-diameter (3-meter-diameter) high-gain antenna and other smaller radio antennas will be used to receive commands from Earth through NASA’s Deep Space Network, send data back to engineers and scientists and will be used for gravity and radio science investigations.
Europa Clipper will use inertial sensors, star cameras, and special hardware to determine and control its position in space.
Europa Clipper carries pumps that circulate fluids through pipes to all the spacecraft’s sensitive electronics, carrying heat from hot spots to cold spots. Europa Clipper also has temperature sensors, heaters, blanketing, and a radiator with louvers that can be opened to shed heat to help regulate the spacecraft’s temperature.
Instructions on how to build paper, toy brick, and 3D-printed models of the Europa Clipper spacecraft can be found on NASA’s website.
Managed by Caltech in Pasadena, California, NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Southern California led the development of the Europa Clipper mission in partnership with the Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Laboratory (APL) in Laurel, Maryland, for NASA’s Science Mission Directorate in Washington. The main spacecraft body was designed by APL in collaboration with NASA JPL and NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland. The Planetary Missions Program Office at NASA’s Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, Alabama, executes program management of the Europa Clipper mission. NASA’s Launch Services Program, based at Kennedy Space Center in Florida, manages the launch service for the Europa Clipper spacecraft.
NASA’s Europa Clipper mission is ready to launch atop a SpaceX Falcon Heavy, pictured here just before sunrise on Monday, Oct. 14, 2024, at Launch Complex 39A at Kennedy Space Center in Florida. Photo credit: SpaceX
We’re a little under two hours away from today’s launch of NASA’s Europa Clipper mission from Launch Complex 39A at NASA’s Kennedy Space Center in Florida.
Here’s a closer look at some of today’s important countdown and ascent milestones (all times are approximate):
Time Events – 00:53:00 Launch Director verifies go for propellant load
– 00:50:00 1st stage RP-1 (rocket grade kerosene) loading begins
– 00:45:00 1st stage LOX (liquid oxygen) loading begins
– 00:35:00 2nd stage RP-1 (rocket grade kerosene) loading begins
– 00:18:30 2nd stage LOX loading begins
– 00:07:00 Falcon Heavy begins engine chill
– 00:00:59 Flight computer commanded to begin final prelaunch checks
– 00:00:45 Launch Director verifies go for launch
– 00:00:20 Propellant tanks pressurize for flight
– 00:00:06 Engine controller commands engine ignition sequence to start
00:00:00 Falcon Heavy liftoff
00:01:07 Max Q (moment of peak mechanical stress on the rocket)
00:03:03 Side boosters engine cutoff (BECO)
00:03:07 Side boosters separate
00:04:02 1st stage main engine cutoff (MECO)
00:04:06 1st and 2nd stages separate
00:04:13 2nd stage engine starts (SES)
00:04:31 Fairing deployment
00:07:53 2nd stage engine cutoff (SECO-1)
00:47:40 2nd stage engine starts (SES-2)
00:50:56 2nd stage engine cutoff (SECO-2)
01:02:12 Europa Clipper deploys
This artist’s concept depicts NASA’s Europa Clipper spacecraft as it orbits Jupiter and passes over the gas giant’s ice-covered moon Europa. Scheduled to arrive at Jupiter in April 2030, the mission will be the first to specifically target Europa for detailed science investigation. Image credit: NASA
Though NASA’s Europa Clipper mission sounds like something out of science fiction — investigating an icy alien world to see if it has the ingredients for life — the main science goal of determining if there are places below the surface of Jupiter’s icy moon Europa that could support life is based in science fact.
While Europa’s chilliness is certainly a defining characteristic, with surface temperatures at Europa ranging from about minus 208 degrees Fahrenheit to minus 370 F (minus 133 degrees Celsius to minus 223 C), scientists describe Europa as an “ocean world” because decades of evidence strongly suggests that an ocean of liquid water is hidden beneath the moon’s surface of ice, which is one of the only explanations for some of the moon’s characteristics. Scientists estimate it could be around 40 to 100 miles (60 to 150 kilometers) deep — large enough to contain more than twice as much water as all Earth’s oceans combined.
The best evidence that there’s an ocean at Europa was gathered by NASA’s Galileo spacecraft, which orbited Jupiter from 1995 to 2003. While Europa has no magnetic field of its own, when the Galileo spacecraft made 12 close flybys of Europa, its magnetometer detected a magnetic field within Europa as Jupiter’s powerful magnetic field swept past the moon. Scientists think the most likely cause of this magnetic signature is a global subsurface ocean of salty water.
Europa’s surface also has signs there may be an ocean beneath it. Images of Europa’s surface show patterns of cracks and ridges that suggest a global ocean underneath. The largest two impact structures on Europa show concentric patterns, which suggests impacts that may have penetrated through Europa’s ice shell into liquid water. In addition, Europa’s surface geology suggests that warm ice has risen upward through the ice shell, perhaps from near an ice-ocean interface.
Models also suggest that Europa’s ocean and icy shell get stretched and released by the tug of tidal forces from Jupiter’s gravity as Europa orbits the giant planet. This intermittent squeezing is called tidal flexing, and it creates heat inside Europa. In fact, the tidal flexing is likely creating enough heat inside Europa to maintain the liquid ocean beneath the surface.
Scientists believe two of Saturn’s moons also contain oceans — with tiny Enceladus having a global saltwater ocean that sprays out into space as a plume of icy particles that fly hundreds of miles above its surface, and the large moon Titan, thought to have a subsurface ocean as well. However, NASA’s in-depth exploration of an ocean world in search of ingredients for life begins with Europa and the Europa Clipper mission.
Liftoff is targeted for 12:06 p.m. EDT on a SpaceX Falcon Heavy rocket from historic Launch Complex 39A at the Kennedy Space Center in Florida.
NASA’s Europa Clipper mission is poised to launch atop a SpaceX Falcon Heavy rocket in the distance behind the iconic countdown clock at the NASA News Center at Kennedy Space Center in Florida on Monday, Oct. 14, 2024. Photo credit: NASA/Jamie Groh
We remain a “go” for launch, with the latest weather update from the U.S. Space Force’s 45th Weather Squadron predicting a 95% chance of favorable weather today for liftoff. The primary weather concern for the launch area is the cumulus cloud rule.
Teams continue targeting liftoff of NASA’s Europa Clipper mission at 12:06 p.m. EDT on a SpaceX Falcon Heavy rocket from Launch Complex 39A at the agency’s Kennedy Space Center in Florida.
The live launch broadcast will begin at 11 a.m. on NASA+. Learn how to watch NASA content through a variety of platforms, including social media. NASA launch coverage in Spanish begins at 11 a.m. on NASA+ and NASA’s Spanish YouTube channel. You can also continue following along right here on the blog as we take you through the entire flight profile for the Europa Clipper mission.
NASA’s Europa Clipper mission is ready to launch atop a SpaceX Falcon Heavy, pictured here just after sunrise on Monday, Oct. 14, 2024, at Launch Complex 39A at Kennedy Space Center in Florida. Photo credit: SpaceX
Good morning, and welcome to live launch coverage from NASA’s Kennedy Space Center in Florida of the agency’s Europa Clipper mission!
NASA’s Europa Clipper will be the first mission to conduct a detailed science investigation of Jupiter’s moon Europa. Scientists predict Europa has a salty ocean beneath its icy crust that potentially could hold the building blocks necessary to sustain life.
The spacecraft, the largest NASA has ever built for a planetary mission, will launch on a SpaceX Falcon Heavy rocket from NASA Kennedy’s Launch Complex 39A in Florida at 12:06 p.m. EDT. This will be NASA’s Launch Services Program’s fourth mission to launch from Launch Complex 39A. Today’s launch attempt has a 15-second launch window. Europa Clipper has launch opportunities today through Nov. 6.
Today’s launch blog comes to you from the NASA News Center here at NASA Kennedy. The live launch broadcast will begin at 11 a.m. on NASA+. Learn how to watch NASA content through a variety of platforms, including social media. NASA launch coverage in Spanish also begins at 11 a.m. on NASA+ and NASA’s Spanish YouTube channel. You can also continue following along right here on the blog as we take you through the entire flight profile for the Europa Clipper mission.
Join the conversation, follow the launch, and get Europa Clipper mission updates from these accounts:
