Month: October 2020

Oct. 02, 2020 – NASA Finds Heavy Rainfall Ringing Major Hurricane Maria’s Eye

Imagine being able to look down at a storm from orbit in space, and provide data that lets scientists calculate the rate in which rain is falling throughout it. That is what a NASA satellite rainfall product does as it incorporates data from satellites and observations. NASA found very heavy rainfall ringing around the compact eye of Major Hurricane Marie.

Maria’s Status on Oct. 2

At 5 a.m. EDT (0900 UTC), NOAA’s National Hurricane Center (NHC) reported Hurricane Marie was a Category 4 storm on the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Wind Scale. The center of Hurricane Marie was located near latitude 16.2 degrees north and longitude 123.2 degrees west. Fortunately, Marie is far from land areas. It is centered about 980 miles (1,580 km) west-southwest of the southern tip of Baja California, Mexico.

Marie was moving toward the west-northwest near 15 mph (24 kph). Maximum sustained winds have increased to near 130 mph (215 kph) with higher gusts. Hurricane-force winds extend outward up to 25 miles (35 km) from the center and tropical-storm-force winds extend outward up to 125 miles (205 km). The estimated minimum central pressure is 947 millibars.

Estimating Maria’s Rainfall Rates from Space

NASA’s Integrated Multi-satellitE Retrievals for GPM or IMERG, which is a NASA satellite rainfall product, estimated on Oct. 2 at 4:30 a.m. EDT (0830 UTC), Hurricane Maria was generating as much as 50 mm (2 inches) of rain in the eyewall, ringing around the eye. Rainfall throughout most of the storm was occurring between 3 and 20 mm (0.1 to 0.8 inches) per hour.

At the U.S. Naval Laboratory in Washington, D.C., the IMERG rainfall data was overlaid on infrared imagery from NOAA’s GOES-16 satellite to provide a full picture of the storm.

What Does IMERG Do?

This near-real time rainfall estimate comes from the NASA’s IMERG, which combines observations from a fleet of satellites, in near-real time, to provide near-global estimates of precipitation every 30 minutes. By combining NASA precipitation estimates with other data sources, we can gain a greater understanding of major storms that affect our planet.

Instead, what the IMERG does is “morph” high-quality satellite observations along the direction of the steering winds to deliver information about rain at times and places where such satellite overflights did not occur. Information morphing is particularly important over the majority of the world’s surface that lacks ground-radar coverage. Basically, IMERG fills in the blanks between weather observation stations.

Marie’s Future

Additional strengthening is expected today, with weakening forecast to begin on Saturday, Oct. 3. A motion toward the west-northwest or northwest with a gradual decrease in forward speed is expected during the next several days.

NASA Researches Tropical Cyclones

Hurricanes/tropical cyclones are the most powerful weather events on Earth. NASA’s expertise in space and scientific exploration contributes to essential services provided to the American people by other federal agencies, such as hurricane weather forecasting.

For more than five decades, NASA has used the vantage point of space to understand and explore our home planet, improve lives and safeguard our future. NASA brings together technology, science, and unique global Earth observations to provide societal benefits and strengthen our nation. Advancing knowledge of our home planet contributes directly to America’s leadership in space and scientific exploration.

For more information about NASA’s IMERG, visit: https://pmm.nasa.gov/gpm/imerg-global-image

For forecast updates on hurricanes, visit: www.hurricanes.gov

By Rob Gutro
NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center

Oct. 01, 2020 – NASA Finds Hurricane Marie Rapidly Intensifying

NASA infrared imagery revealed that Hurricane Marie is rapidly growing stronger and more powerful. Infrared imagery revealed that powerful thunderstorms circled the eye of the hurricane as it moved through the Eastern Pacific Ocean.

NOAA’s National Hurricane Center (NHC) expects Marie to become a major hurricane late on Oct. 1.  

Infrared Imagery Reveals a More Powerful Marie

One of the ways NASA researches tropical cyclones is using infrared data that provides temperature information. Cloud top temperatures identify where the strongest storms are located. The stronger the storms, the higher they extend into the troposphere, and the colder the cloud top temperatures.

On Oct. 1 at 4:10 a.m. EDT (0910 UTC) NASA’s Aqua satellite analyzed the storm using the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer or MODIS instrument. Hurricane Marie’s cloud top temperatures and found strongest storms were around Marie’s center of circulation. Temperatures in those areas were as cold as minus 80 degrees Fahrenheit (minus 62.2 Celsius). Strong storms with cloud top temperatures as cold as minus 70 degrees Fahrenheit (minus 56.6. degrees Celsius) surrounded the center.

NASA research has shown that cloud top temperatures that cold indicate strong storms that have the capability to create heavy rain.

At 5 a.m. EDT on Oct 1, NHC Hurricane Specialist Andrew Latto noted, “Recent microwave data and satellite images indicate that Marie has become much better organized over the past several hours, with a nearly completely closed eye noted in a (12:51 a.m. EDT) 0451Z AMSU composite microwave overpass.”

NASA then provides data to tropical cyclone meteorologists so they can incorporate it in their forecasts.

Marie’s Status on Oct. 1

At 5 a.m. EDT (0900 UTC), the center of Hurricane Marie was located near latitude 14.8 degrees north and longitude 118.1 degrees west. It is about 775 miles (1,245 km) southwest of the southern tip of Baja California, Mexico. Marie is moving toward the west near 17 mph (28 kph), and this general motion is expected to continue through tonight, followed by a gradual turn toward the west-northwest with decreasing forward speed.

Maximum sustained winds are near 90 mph (150 kph) with higher gusts. Hurricane-force winds extend outward up to 15 miles (30 km) from the center and tropical-storm-force winds extend outward up to 70 miles (110 km). The estimated minimum central pressure is 983 millibars.

Marie’s Forecast

Rapid strengthening is forecast by the National Hurricane Center. Marie is expected to become a major hurricane by tonight with some additional strengthening possible through Friday. Marie is then forecast to begin weakening this weekend.

NASA Researches Earth from Space

For more than five decades, NASA has used the vantage point of space to understand and explore our home planet, improve lives and safeguard our future. NASA brings together technology, science, and unique global Earth observations to provide societal benefits and strengthen our nation. Advancing knowledge of our home planet contributes directly to America’s leadership in space and scientific exploration.

For updated forecasts, visit: www.hurricanes.gov

By Rob Gutro 
NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center